Half Football
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In several team sports, matches are played in two halves. Half-time (also written halftime or half time) is the name given to the interval between the two halves of the match. Typically, after half-time teams swap ends of the field of play, in order to reduce any advantage that may be gained from wind or a slope to the playing surface, for example.
While it exists mainly to allow competitors to rest briefly and recover from the play of the first half, half-time also serves a number of other purposes. It also serves as an intermission for spectators, and it often features entertainment, such as cheerleading performances, tifos, performances by school marching bands (particularly in high school and collegiate sports in North America), or concerts featuring popular music acts (particularly in major events, such as the Super Bowl). On games that are broadcast on television and radio, it also provides broadcasters with an opportunity to give a recap of the first half of the game, air highlights of other games in progress, air commercials and other advertisements, provide analysis on the game, or air game-related festivities (such as an aforementioned half-time performance). In the NFL (National Football League), halftime is usually around 12 minutes, although for major events like the Super Bowl it may last much longer to allow for more activities like musical performances.
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History[edit]
The origin of changing ends at half-time lies in the early English public school football games. One early use of a fixed half-time, and it is suggested[by whom?] the origin of the practice, was to allow for two football teams each used to a different set of rules to play half of the game by familiar rules, and half by the opposition rules. This was practised notably between followers of Eton-rules football (closer to modern association football) and Rugby-rules football (closer to modern rugby Rugby union). This use of half-time was unnecessary after the standardisation of football rules in 1863 (see Laws of the Game) but is still used for the now-rare contests between teams playing different codes of football. Changing ends at half-time (if no goals had been scored) was part of the following schools' codes: Brighton, Eton, Rossall, Sheffield, and Winchester. Other schools changed every time that side scored (Cheltenham, FA, Harrow, Marlborough, Rugby, Shrewsbury, Uppingham schools)[1] The 1863 Cambridge Rules state: 'In a match when half the time agreed upon has elapsed, the side shall change goals when the ball is next out of play'.
Overview[edit]
One benefit of half-time in a field game is to allow teams to swap their positions on the field in order that the effects of the natural conditions such as sunlight and wind direction are experienced fairly by both teams. In some sports this is achieved without the need for half-time: for example, in cricket fielding positions of players are rotated after a set passage of play. In other sports no such provision is necessary, for example in baseball, where playing positions do not change and both teams occupy the same locations on the field of play, though there is frequent rotation of players in the ordinary course of play.
Half-time for spectators offers the opportunity to visit the toilet, get some food or drink, or just exercise crampedlimbs, without the fear of missing any of the action. A half-time show may be put on for the spectators to keep their attention, most famously in the case of the American footballSuper Bowl. As many spectators at the ground may be otherwise occupied using stadium facilities it might be inferred that the scale and spectacle of half-time entertainment is more directly related to the size of the potential television audience.
In many sports that are televised, half-time offers the opportunity to advertise, a valuable source of revenue for televisioncompanies. In addition, it allows analysis of the game so far by pundits; controversial incidents or exceptional play may be highlighted at this time. It also allows viewers to catch up with any action that they may have missed. Half-time has spawned one of the most enduring clichés to describe football: that 'it's a game of two halves.'[2]
List of team sports[edit]
With half-time[edit]
Sport | Length of half-time | Length of a half |
---|---|---|
American football | 12 (professional) or 20 (college) minutes[3] | Two 15 minute quarters. In IFAF, two 12-minute quarters. |
Association football | 15 minutes | 45 minutes plus stoppage time |
Australian rules football | 20 minutes | Two periods (quarters) of 20 minutes plus stoppage time |
Bandy | ≤20 minutes[4] | 45 minutes plus injury time, replacement time etc.[4] |
Basketball | 15 minutes | Two periods (quarters) of 10 (FIBA, WNBA, WNBL, NBL) or 12 minutes each (NBA) or one period (half) of 20 minutes (U. S. men's college basketball). |
Canoe Polo | 1–3 minutes | 7–10 minutes |
Limited overs cricket | 10 minutes[5] | About 3.5 hours in ODI cricket, and 90 minutes in T20 cricket (though times can significantly vary, as weather can interrupt a game, teams may play slowly in violation of regulations, or a half can end early because a team is all out.) |
Field hockey | 15 minutes | Two 15-minute periods |
Gaelic football | 12 minutes | 30 or 35 minutes |
Handball | 15 minutes | 30 minutes |
Hurling | 12 minutes | 30 or 35 minutes |
Lacrosse | 12 minutes in NLL only | Two periods (quarters) of 15 minutes each in NLL |
Netball | 5 minutes | Two periods (quarters) of 15 minutes each |
Rugby league | 10 minutes | 40 minutes |
Rugby union | 10-15 minutes | 40 minutes |
Rugby sevens (union) | 1 minute (2 minutes in competition finals) | 7 minutes (10 minutes in competition finals) |
Korfball (Korfbal League) | 10 minutes | 25 minutes (real playing time) |
With intervals other than half-time[edit]
- Ice hockey is played in three periods of twenty minutes with eighteen-minute intermissions between regulation periods.
- Water polo[citation needed]
- Volleyball matches typically take three minutes between sets 1 and 2 and any sets after the 3rd (if played). The interval between sets 2 and 3 is sometimes longer, and sometimes the same.
No half-time or equivalent[edit]
(other than to allow movement of players in the natural course of play and/or TV commercials)
- Baseball (although there is a seventh-inning stretch)
References[edit]
Half Football
- ^Football, The First Hundred Years: The Untold Story. Adrian Harvey. Routledge, Abingdon, 2005 p. 184
- ^It's a Game of Two HalvesIndependent, 16 December 2007, accessed 19 September 2009
- ^College football gets uniform instant replay systemUSA Today, 5 May 2006
- ^ ab'Bandy Playing Rules: Rule 4. Playing time'(PDF). Federation of International Bandy. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original(PDF) on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
- ^'{% DocumentName %} Law MCC'. www.lords.org. Retrieved 2020-11-24.
FA Carling Premiership
( 1) Arsenal 1-2 Charlton Ath
( 2) Bradford City 0-0 Leicester City
( 3) Everton 2-0 Derby Co
( 4) Ipswich Town 0-0 Sunderland
( 5) Manchester City 0-2 Coventry C
( 6) Middlesbrough 0-2 Leeds Utd
( 7) Newcastle U 1-0 Tottenham H
( 8) Southampton 0-1 Liverpool
( 9) West Ham Utd 0-1 Manchester Utd
Nationwide Football League
Division One
( 10) Barnsley 0-1 West Brom Alb
( 11) Blackburn Rvs 1-0 Norwich
( 12) Bolton Wands 1-0 Preston
( 13) Fulham 1-1 Stockport Co
( 14) Grimsby Town 0-1 Sheffield Wed
( 15) Huddersfield T 1-1 Crystal Palace
( 16) Nott'm Forest 0-2 Birmingham C
( 17) QPR 1-0 Crewe Alexandra
( 18) Sheff Utd 1-0 Tranmere Rovers
( 19) Wimbledon 0-0 Watford
( 20) Wolverhampton W 0-0 Burnley
Division Two
Half Football Png
( 21) Cambridge Utd 0-0 Bristol City
( 22) Luton Town 0-0 Bournemouth
( 23) Millwall 1-0 Wycombe W
( 24) Northampton T 1-0 Reading
( 25) Oldham Ath 0-2 Peterborough U
( 26) Oxford Utd 0-1 Brentford
( 27) Rotherham U 1-1 Bury
( 28) Stoke City 0-0 Notts County
( 29) Swansea City 0-1 Colchester Utd
( 30) Swindon Town 1-2 Walsall
( 31) Wrexham 0-1 Wigan Athletic
Division Three
( 32) Barnet 1-0 Cardiff City
( 33) Blackpool 1-2 Leyton Orient
( 34) Cheltenham T 1-0 Torquay Utd
( 35) Chesterfield 2-0 Shrewsbury T
( 36) Exeter City 0-1 Hartlepool Utd
( 37) Kidderminster H 2-1 Halifax Town
( 38) Lincoln City 2-0 Brighton & HA
( 39) Macclesfield 0-0 Hull City
Plymouth Argyle 0-0 Mansfield Town
Rochdale 1-1 Scunthorpe U
Southend Utd 0-0 Darlington
Nationwide Conference
![Half Football Half Football](https://kildaregaa.ie/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2017/02/Football-Photo-2016-1.jpg)
Chester City 0-0 Dover
Dagenham & Redb 0-2 Rushden & D'monds
Forest Green Rvs 0-0 Doncaster Rvs
Hayes 0-1 Hereford United
Hednesford Tn 1-1 Stevenage Boro
Kettering Town 0-1 Leigh RMI
Northwich Vict 1-0 Morecambe
Nuneaton Boro 1-0 Telford United
Scarborough 1-0 Kingstonian
Southport 0-0 Yeovil
Woking 1-0 Boston Utd
Half Football
Bank of Scotland
Scottish Premier League
( 40) Dunfermline A 1-0 Dundee Utd
( 41) Hibernian 1-0 St Mirren
( 42) St Johnstone 1-1 Kilmarnock
Bell's Scottish Football League Ch'ship
First Division
( 43) Alloa 0-1 Livingston
( 44) Ayr United 1-0 Falkirk
Clyde 0-1 Morton
( 45) Raith Rovers 1-0 Inverness CT
Ross County 1-1 Airdrieonians
Second Division
Clydebank 1-1 Queen of South
( 46) Forfar Ath 1-2 Stenhousemuir
( 47) Partick Th 0-1 Berwick Rngs
( 48) Stirling Alb 0-1 Queens Park
( 49) Stranraer 1-0 Arbroath
Third Division
Albion Rovers 0-1 Dumbarton
Cowdenbeath 0-1 Elgin City
East Stirlingsh 0-0 Hamilton Acad
Montrose 0-0 East Fife
Peterhead 1-1 Brechin City
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